Hondo yeMatabele yechipiri
Mapoka anorwa
Great Britain,
Mapurisa eBritish South Africa Ndebele (Matabele),
Shona
vatungamiri
Oberst R.S.S. Baden Powell
General Frederick Carrington
Cecil Rhodes Mlimo†
Sikombo
A bundle
kurasikirwa uye kurasikirwa
Vanenge 400 vagari uye vanenge zviuru zviviri zvevarwi
Hondo yechipiri yeMatabele, inozivikanwawo seChimurenga cheMatabeleland uye muZimbabwe sehondo, yakaitika kubva muna 1896 kusvika 1897.
Muna Kurume 1896, vanhu vechiNdebele (Matabele) vakamukira chiremera cheBritish South Africa Company mune yave kupembererwa muZimbabwe seHondo yekutanga yerusununguko. VaMlimo, mutungamiri wezvemweya wemaNdebele, vanonzi ndivo vakakonzeresa hasha dzakakonzera kunetsana uku. Akaita kuti maNdebele nemaShona abvume kuti vagari vechichena (panguva iyoyo varume vanosvika zviuru zvina) ndivo vakakonzera kusanaya kwemvura, denda remhashu nehosha izvo zvakaparadza nyika panguva iyoyo.
Kushevedzwa kwaMlimo kuhondo kwakauya panguva chaiyo. Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, Administrator-General weBritish South Africa Company kuMatabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, akanga atumira mauto ake mazhinji nezvombo kunorwisa mhirizhonga yeJameson Raid kurwisa Transvaal Republic. Somugumisiro, nyika yakanga isisina dziviriro. MaBritish aibva angotumira mauto kunodzvanyirira maNdebele nemaShona, asi izvi zvaizoita kuti vanhu vakawanda vaibva kunyika iyi, maNdebele nemaShona, vaurayiwe, uye kwaizopera mwedzi mauto eBritain asati akwana kuti vapaze nekupedza kukomba kwacho. misha huru nehondo yakanga ichiuya yaizopfuurira kutozosvikira October wegore raitevera.
Hondo kuMatebeleland
Kumukirana
Mlimo akaronga kumirira kusvika manheru emusi wa29 Kurume, mwedzi wekutanga wakazara, kuti vazoshamisa Bulawayo mushure memutambo wainzi “The Great Dance”. Kuburikidza nevafundisi vake, akavimbisa kuti kana maNdebele akaenda kuhondo nevarungu, mabara avo aizoshanduka kuva mvura uye pfuti dzavo kuita mazai. Hurongwa hwake hwaive hwekuda kuuraya vagari vese vemuBulawayo kutanga, asi kwete kuparadza guta pacharo, sezvo raizoshanda sechishongo chehumambo kuna Mambo Lobengula akange azvarwa patsva. Mlimo akaraira kuti varungu varwiswe nemuMupata weMangwe uri kumavirira kwemakomo eMatobo vodzingirwa kunze kwevhu, izvo zvaibva zvasiiwa zvisina kuchengetedzwa. Mushure mekunge vadzingwa muBulawayo varwi vechiNdebele nevechiShona vakatamira kumaruwa ndokuenderera mberi nekuuraya vanhu vose kusvika vauraiwa kana kutiza.
Asi maNdebele akati kuti aida chaizvo kuenda kuhondo, uye kupandukira kwacho kwakatanga nguva isati yakwana. Nomusi wa20 Kurume, vapanduki vechiNdebele vakapfura nebanga mupurisa weko. Mumazuva mashoma akatevera, vagari vakawanda vari kure nevatsvaki vakaurayiwa. Frederick Selous, muvhimi mukuru ane mukurumbira, akange anzwa runyerekupe rwekupondwa kwevagari venzvimbo, asi akafunga kuti raive dambudziko renzvimbo. Selous paakanzwa nezvekupondwa kwemupurisa uyu musi wa23 Kurume, akaziva kuti maNdebele akanga atanga mhirizhonga huru.
Varwi vechiNdebele vanosvika zviuru zviviri vakatanga mhirizhonga musi wa 24 Kurume. Vazhinji, kana vasiri vose, vemapurisa echiduku omunzvimbomo nokukurumidza vakabva munyika yacho ndokukumbanira vapanduki. Vakapakata pfuti dzeMartini-Henry, Winchester bolt-action rifles naLee-Metford, pamwe chete nepfuti dzakasakara uye dzechinyakare, assegais, knobkerries nematemo ehondo, maNdebele akatamira mukati menyika. Nyaya dzekumukira kwavanhu padzakapararira vaShona vopindawo muhondo iyi, vagari venzvimbo iyi vakabva vapinda munzira vakananga kuBulawayo. Mukati mesvondo rimwe chete, vachena vanosvika zana nemakumi mana nemumwe vakaurayiwa kuMatabeleland, vamwe zana nevatatu kuMashonaland, uye mazana emisha, mapurazi nemigodhi akapiswa.
Beleg van Bulawayo
Vaine mauto mashoma okutsigira, vagari vemo vakakurumidza kudzika musasa pakati peBulawayo vari voga. Masvinga etsvimbo akanyikwa mumafuta aiiswa munzvimbo dzine hunyanzvi kuitira kuti arwise husiku. Gelatin inoputika yakavanzwa muzvivako zviri kure kunze kwemutsara wekudzivirira kuputika kana chiitiko chemuvengi. Mabhodhoro egirazi akatsemuka akanga akapararira pamberi pengoro. Dziviriro yeBulawayo yakasimbiswa newaya ine minzwa uye ngoro dzakawanda dzakazadzwa nemasaga ejecha. Kunze kwepfuti, pfuti dzaive shoma muBulawayo. Neraki kune vagari vemo, zvisinei, pakanga paine mashoma aishanda zvidimbu zvepfuti uye diki sarudzo yepfuti yemuchina.
Pane kuti vangomirira vakanyarara, vagari venzvimbo iyi vakabva vatanga mauto aizivikanwa seBulawayo Field Force, achitungamirwa nevanhu vane mukurumbira vakaita saSelous naFrederick Russell Burnham, avo vakabuda kunonunura chero vagari vasara panyika uye vakatanga kurwisa Ndebele yakanga yatanga. Selous akaunganidza mauto akakwira evarume makumi mana kuti vaonezve maodzanyemba muMatobo Hills. Maurice Gifford akachovha kumabvazuva achitevedza Rwizi Iniza nevarume makumi mana. Vagari pavakawanikwa, vakakurumidza kuiswa mungoro dzavo uye vakarindwa zvikuru vachienda kuBulawayo. Musvondo rekutanga rehondo, varume makumi maviri veBulawayo Field Force vakaurayiwa uye vamwe makumi mashanu vakakuvadzwa.
Muhondo yekutanga yeMatabele, maNdebele akanga aona kushanda kwepfuti dzeMaxim dzevatorwa saka havana kuzomborwisa Bulawayo, kunyange zvazvo varwi vechiNdebele vanopfuura zviuru gumi vaigona kuonekwa pedyo neguta. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu muBulawayo akakurumidza kuva asingatsungiririki. Masikati, vagari vemo vaigona kushanyira dzimba nezvivako muguta, asi usiku vaifanira kutsvaka pokugara mumisasa miduku zvikuru. Vakadzi nevana vanoda kusvika 1 000 vaigara mutaundi uye mashoko enhema okurwiswa akanga akajairika. Asi maNdebele akaita chikanganiso chikuru panguva yekukomba; Yakatadza kugura mitsara yetelegraph pakati peBulawayo neMafeking. Izvi zvakapa vese vabatsiri neveBulawayo Field Force yakaremerwa ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura rwavangadai vaine.
Makoramu okuyamura anoverengeka akarongwa kuti aputse kukomba kwacho, asi kufamba kwenguva refu nomumaruwa ane utsinye kwaizotora mwedzi inoverengeka. Pakupera kwaChivabvu, mbiru mbiri dzokuyamura dzakaoneka pedyo neBulawayo zuva rimwechete, asi kubva kumativi akasiyana: Cecil Rhodes naColonel Beal vakabva kuSalisbury neFort Victoria kuMashonaland, mamaira mazana matatu kuchamhembe; uye Lord Grey naColonel Plumer (veYork neLancaster Regiment) kubva kuKimberley neMafeking, mamaira mazana matanhatu kumaodzanyemba. Vabatsiri veConfederate vakapotsa vahwandirwa vachiswedera pedyo neBulawayo, asi Selous akawana paive neMatabele uye pfuti dzeMaxim dzevatsigiri dzakadzosa varwi. Pasina nguva vabatsiri vasvika muBulawayo, General Carrington vakabva vasvika kuti vatore chigaro chemukuru weVashandi, Colonel Baden-Powell.
Mushure mekukombwa kwaitwa, vaMatabele vanosvika zviuru makumi mashanu vakadzokera kunhare yavo, Matobo Hills pedyo neBulawayo. Mudunhu iri makabva maita kurwisana kunotyisa pakati pevarungu vairinda neveMatabele. Muna Chikumi, vaShona vakachengeta chitsidzo chavo ndokupinda muhondo kudivi remaNdebele. Asi pasina mutungamiriri akajeka akaita saMlimo, vaShona vainyanya kusara vari seri kwenhare dzavo uye kuita mhirizhonga shoma.
Kupondwa kwaMlimo
Zvinhu zvakachinja muhondo apo mumwe muZulu akaburitsa mashoko ekwaive naMlimo. Scout Burnham uye komisheni wenzvimbo Bonnar Armstrong vakatumwa kunotsvaga bako rinoera reMlimo rinoshandiswa senzvimbo uye kutora kana kuuraya mutungamiri wemweya wemaNdebele. Burnham naArmstrong vakafamba nemuMatobo Hills usiku ndokusvika pabako rinoyera. Pedyo nebako iri paiva nemusha waiva nematumba anenge 100, kwaigara varwi vakawanda. MaBoy Scouts maviri akasungira mabhiza avo kune rimwe bhurasho uye akagwadama padumbu, achidzivirira kufamba kwavo kunononoka uye nekungwarira nemapazi pamberi pavo. Vasvika mubako, vakamirira kuti Mlimo apinde.[1]
Burnham naArmstrong vakamirira kuti Mlimo apinde mubako ndokutanga kutamba kwake kwekuzvidzivirira. Burnham akapfura Mlimo nechepasi pemwoyo.[2] Ipapo mascouts maviri akasvetukira pamusoro peMlimo akanga afa ndokumhanya nenzira yaienda kumabhiza avo. Mazana evarwi vaiva mumusasa pedyo akatora zvombo ndokudzingirira. Burnham yakapisa musha sechikanganiso. Varume vaviri ava vakakurumidza kudzokera kuBulawayo, vachiteverwa nevarwi.
Cecil Rhodes paakanzwa nezverufu rwaMlimo, akashinga ndokufora asina pfuti achipinda munhare yaMaNdebele ndokunyengetedza vaImpi kuti vaise zvombo pasi. Zvakadaro, kuwedzera kwehondo kuMashonaland kwakatora rimwe gore.
Hondo kuMashonaland
Muna Chikumi 1896, hondo yakatanga kuMazowe nekurwisa mugodhi weAlice. Izvi zvakazoteverwa nekutorwa nekuurayiwa kwakaitwa chizvarwa cheMazowe Commissioner Pollard nenyanzvi Nehanda Nyakasikana.
Vamwe vanamati vakatungamira mhirizhonga iyi vanosanganisira VaKaguvi Gumboreshumba, avo vange vachishingaira mudunhu reGoromonzi, pamwe naVaMukwati, avo vanova mufundisi panzvimbo inoyera Mwari.4vaishingaira muMashonaland yose5.
Pamusoro pekuburitswa kwenhau, madzishe akaita basa guru mumhirizhonga iyi, zvikuru Sabhuku Mashayamombe, avo vaitungamira kurwisana muhutungamiri hwavo kuMhondoro, kumaodzanyemba kweHarare. Aive mumwe wemadzishe ekutanga kupanduka uye wekupedzisira kukundwa [6]. Yakapihwa nematunhu mazhinji akatenderedza seChikomba (panguva iyoyo Charter) [7]. Mamwe madzishe akaita basa guru ndiGwabayana, Makoni, Mapondera, Mangwende naSeke [8].
Pakapera hondo muMatabeleland, General Carrington vakakwanisa kuisa mauto avo kuMashonaland uye vapanduki vakabva vadzokera kuGranitkopjes. Asina murairo wepakati wekumumisa, Carrington akakwanisa kuendesa pfuti yaMaxim kune imwe neimwe nhare kusvika kuramba kwapera. Nehanda Nyakasikana naKaguvi Gumboreshumba vakatorwa ndokuurayiwa mugore ra1898, asi Mukwati haana kumbobatwa akafira kwaMutoko.
nhaka
Kupanduka kwacho kwakakundikana zvachose uye hakuna kutungamirira kuchinjo huruBSACMune zvematongerwo enyika, semuenzaniso, mutero we smelter wakatangwa. Nzvimbo dzeMatabeleland neMashonaland dzakava Rhodesia, uye Ndebele neShona dzakava pasi pehurumende yeRhodesia. Asi nhaka yevatungamiri vakaita saKaguvi, Mapondera neNehanda inofanira kukurudzira zvizvarwa zvinotevera9.
Explore
Munguva yehondo muMatabeleland, Baden-Powell naBurnham vakasangana kekutanga uye hushamwari hwavo hwehupenyu hwose hwakatanga. Pakati paChikumi 1896, paaiva patrol muMatobo Hills, Burnham Baden-Powell akatanga kudzidza kugadzira huni, izvo zvekutanga zvekuongorora. Semukomana aikura muAmerican Wild West munguva yeHondo dzeIndia, Burnham akanga adzidza kuongorora kubva kuIndia trackers, frontiersmen uye cowboys, saka semuongorori muAfrica aingodzidzira unyanzvi uye akaishandisa semusoja. Baden-Powell akafadzwa zvikuru nemweya waBurnham wekutsvaga zvekuti akaudza vanhu nerudo kuti "akasveta" zvese zvaaigona kutaura. Kuongorora kwaisawanzoitwa kunze kweAmerican Wild West, asi kwaikosha munzvimbo dzakaita semuAfrica yekoloni, saka Baden-Powell naBurnham vakakurukura madzidzisirwo ehunyanzvi hwevakomana vadiki. Ava maBoy Scouts, avo vakanga vazvisuma kuBaden-Powell naBurnham manheru pavakadzika musasa muMatobo Hills, vakatanga vari mumwe wevarwi vaya vaiva nebasa rokusangana nevavengi vavo noushingi uye nokuseka uye ipapo kushanda sevarwi. social workers. Nepo Baden-Powell akakwenenzvera pfungwa yeku scouting uye akazova muvambi wesangano repasi rose reku scouting, Burnham anogonawo kutorwa semumwe wevatangi vesangano.
1901 Mapondera-opstand
Muna 1901, Sabhuku Kadungure Mapondera, avo vakanga vazvitonga kubva kuCompany muna 1894, vakatonga.6, akatungamirira chimurenga munzvimbo dzeGuruve neMount Darwin kuMashonaland Central. Pakutanga akatungamirira uto revarume vasingasviki zana, asi pakati pa1901 akanga ava nevarume vanopfuura mazana matanhatu vari pasi pake. Akatorwa muna 1903 uye akafira mujeri muna 1904 mushure mekushaya nzara10
ZVINYORWA
Rhodes akatema muwiri yake kuti avigwe kumakomo eMatobo. Paakafa kuCape muna 1902, mutumbi wake wakaendeswa kuBulawayo nechitima nengoro. Kuvigwa kwake kwakapindwawo nevakuru veMaNdebele avo vakakumbira vadzimi vemoto kuti vasapfure zvombo zvavo sezvo zvaizokanganisa mweya. Vakabva vapa murungu salute yehumambo yechiNdebele "Bayete" kekutanga uye pamwe chete. Rhodes anovigwa pedyo naJameson uye mauto echichena makumi matatu nemana akaurayiwa paShangani patrol.